Hanbange 3.0 - (C) Breadu Soft 2003

The Six Billion Dollar Experiment
(2007.5.1 BBC Two)

 

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ÇÑ/¿µ ÀÚ¸· - DC °úÇа¶·¯¸® 'µðÇÎ'
croydon.egloos.com

°¨»çÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
¼öÁ¤/¹èÆ÷ ÀÚÀ¯ (creditÀº º¸Á¸ ^^)

http://bbc.co.uk/horizon

 

November 26, 2007 promises to be an extraordinary day.

 

The most advanced scientific instrument ever built, the Large Hadron Collider, will be switched on.

 

This moment could conceivably trigger a catastrophic event..

.. a black hole, able to destroy entire cities, and Earth itself.

 

The scientists behind this experiment have something quite different in mind.

 

We have the outrageous ambition to understand the world, how it works. That's our objective.

 

The method, nothing less than re-creating the moment that exploded everything into existence.

 

The Big Bang.

 

You can feel by ??? in the laboratories in the world, but the enthusiasm is increasing in antipication of what may happen.

 

Whichever scenario awaits us, the countdown to this fateful day has begun.

 

Particle physics is a strange job.

??? walk every morning, and my job is to re-create the conditions that were present less than a billionth of a second after the Big Bang.

 

Dr. Brian Cox is among the 2000 scientists who inhabit a labyrinth of tunnels deep beneath the suburbs of Geneva.

 

Here lies CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research,

.. where they are putting the finishing touches to one of science's greatest endeavors.

 

I think this is the most exciting place in all of science at the moment.

This is the LHC. This is the machine that's going to re-create the conditions present just after the Big Bang.

And I can think of no better place to be actually. This is exciting.

Just look at it, it's blue, even an exciting color.

 

In just a few month's time, the LHC or Large Hadron Collider will begin this remarkable experiment.

 

The hope is that, in re-creating the moments following the Big Bang, we can see how the indivisible units that make up our universe were made.

 

And that could lead to a complete understanding of everything.

 

Well the very big questions that the humanity has posed always are: where we come from, what are we made of, what is the future of universe?

But the universe like everybody else is made of little pieces, which need to be understood in order to understand how the universe works.

 

I think we're all looking forward to finding out what's actually out there in nature.

We all have our ideas we all have our theories to play with them but, want to know what's really going on, what's really there.

 

I think we are on the verge of a revolution in our understanding of the universe.

And now, I'm sure people have said that before, but the LHC is certainly by far the biggest jump into the unknown.

 

Should the experiment succeed, it will complete a journey begun nearly 14 billion years ago.

A journey that will take us back to the very beginning of time.

 

The universe came out of nothing. It was nowhere, because before it there was no time, there was also no space. It was truly truly truly nothing.

That is to say, not even a place where it happened, not even a time on which it happened.

 

Somehow, out of this nothing, came everything.

 

First, dust and gas gathered to form the stars.

 

All 70 thousand million million million of them.. and counting.

 

They clustered into 100 billion galaxies, spread over a distance of 700 billion trillion kilometers, at the very least.

 

On the edge of one of these galaxies, 9 billion years after the Big Bang, a minor planet was formed.

 

It became known as Earth.

 

And the reason we know all of this, is because of this discovery made here just 300 years ago.

 

Anytime you look at the universe around you, you're always looking at the past. And the further out we look, the deeper we stare into our past.

 

That discovery was the speed of light. And it's this that allows us to see back in time.

 

Light travels at about 300000km/s. That sounds very fast but still means it takes light 8 minutes to get here from the Sun.

The further out you look, the further back in time you look.

It takes light about half an hour to get here from Jupiter. We see Jupiter as it was about 30 minutes ago.

 

The deeper into space we look, the longer the light takes to get here, and so the further back in time we see.

 

The nearest stars are about 4 light years away. It takes light 4 years to get to us.

 

That means we look out in space's time machine.

 

We're seeing the past of our universe, you know when we look out at distant galaxies, we're seeing what the universe was once like.

 

If we could see far enough, we should in theory be able to follow the light back, little by little, to the beginning of the universe.

 

Astronomers have come to ever greater length, to try and do just this.

 

The quiz is: what's the nearest bright star that we can see from here?

And the answer is..

(.. this is Sirius, this is the brightest star in the Northern hemisphere..)

8.6 light years, that's where it is.

 

By observing the stars closest to us, we can understand the evolution of our universe.

 

This is a protostar, protoplanetary system, in the process of formation.

 

The beauty of this is that it's only a 150 light years away,

which means with the biggest telescopes now on the ground we can see the processes that form ???.

 

.. so the light left this star about the time of the US Civil War..

 

Once we are outside our cluster of galaxies, we reach a time that predates our species.

 

The light that we're now seeing left the galaxies at about the time of the extinction of the dinosaurs, 60 or 70 millions years ago.

 

Some events can take us back further still.

 

This is M1 the Crab Nebula, this is the result of supernova that blew up.

.. when the supernova explosion was going on, it can be seen even in daylight for about a month. That's how bright it was.

.. they are typically brighter 10 billion times and really spectacular.

 

These dying stars illuminate the journey deeper into space and time.

 

The advantage of having them ??? is that they are therefore visible all the way through the extent of the visible universe.

They really allow us to learn about the shape of the universe.

 

Supernovae have been observed this far back in time and space as 11 billion light years.

 

Yet there is more beyond here. Seeing it requires another leap of technology.

 

When I first met my wife, she commented that whenever we left the house or left the restaurant,

I would always look up at the sky to see if I could see the stars.

 

I think that, looking at a clear sky at night is still one of the great joys for any observational astronomer, even those of us who now work in the space business.

 

Few things can take us further into the past than the Hubble Space Telescope.

Orbiting nearly 600 kilometers above frees it from the distorting effects of the Earth's atmosphere.

 

We can see things that are approximately 10 billion times fainter than you can see with the unaided eye.

We can easily see the light from a firefly at the distance of the Moon.

 

Hubble's ability to see into deep space has produced one of the most revealing glimpse of the early universe we have.

Yet it has started as a shutter in the dark.

 

We formulated a plan by which we would point the telescope at an otherwise ordinary and blank spot in the sky..

.. and expose long enough that we would just be able to reveal whatever was there.

 

I've got on this screen here a picture of the sky. We were interested in a part of the sky called Fornax.

 

This tiny piece of sky, the size of a pinhead held at arm's length.

 

As the telescope started to send back images, Beckwith couldn't be sure they would reveal anything new.

 

I've zoomed in on the first image right here,

.. and you see these are galaxies, okay these are clearly galaxies, but the rest of it is just noise.

 

Only by amassing a total of 400 individual images, could this dark corner of the universe be illuminated.

 

Okay so now what I'm going to do is to build up the image. You'll begin to see faint things here, you see these things.

And indeed you can see them coming out. You can see all of this, see how beautiful that is.

So as you add more and more images together, pretty soon now these things look quite bright.

 

In the end, we exposed the telescope to the sky for a million seconds.

 

It's the longest exposure that's ever been taken with an optical telescope.

 

All of a sudden, all these faint things just emerge clean from the noise, and that's the process. That's how it works.

By another million seconds it will look even better.

 

The result of this painstaking process is an image that can take us back more than 13 billion years.

 

So we're flying now into the universe, and we're going back in time.

As we zoom in farther and farther, you will come up to the point where here we have what ultimately becomes the Hubble Ultra Deep Field.

 

These little circles here show you places where we think we've detected the most distant galaxies that people have ever seen in the universe.

And we'll zoom in on a couple of these just so that you can see them.

 

Traveling this far back, we see the universe in its infancy.

This is a place where galaxies are barely formed, and yet to take on the distinctive shapes of later ones.

 

If you look out to the most distant galaxies, you don't see any galaxies that look like the nearby ones.

You see no spiral galaxies, you see no regular elliptical galaxies, you see nothing that looks familiar.

 

We are looking back to a time when the universe was so young it actually looks different.

And this is a palpable demonstration of the whole idea of the Big Bang.

 

Hubble Ultra Deep Field can take us to within 700 million years of this first moment.

It is as far as today's technology can allow us to see into the past.

 

We're already getting closer to the point where going farther back will not reveal very much.

Because at some point, at some time, there weren't any stars, and so there is really nothing to see.

And we are 'very' close to that time in this image.

We are almost at what I would call the 'visual edge' of the observable universe.

 

Beyond here lies a time before there weren't enough stars to illuminate space.

A place called the Cosmic Dark Ages.

 

Yet buried deep within this darkness, is the earliest picture we have of our universe.

 

Hello! Hello! Is there anybody out there?

 

This vision first came to light here more than 40 years ago.

Ever since, it has been a landmark for astronomers.

 

Last time I was here was about 25 years ago, it was pretty exciting to come here.

It's kind of exciting to come back.. I've not been back since. And this is where it all started.

 

What led to the discovery of this image was an earlier advance in ways of seeing into space.

 

Since the 1930s, astronomers have realized that in addition to what the human eye could see,

.. the universe could be observed through invisible light.

 

Light from the ultraviolet, infrared, and even radio wavelength

.. could all reveal hitherto unknown details about space, so long as you have the knowhow.

 

So what you're going to do is swing this thing all way around, so that's pointing up to the sky, and then map the sky.

 

So the signal comes in, hits the horn, bounces off the horn, and it's brought to the receivers over there..

.. into this room, which is awful looking.

What a mess.. Here we go.

There's the surface of the horn. Look way straight down there. So the signal comes up, comes through here, ??? detector here, and pick up the signal.

 

It was not until 1964, when two astronomers took up residence in the Horn Antenna, that this new way of seeing came into its own.

 

Here is the phone numbers.. there's Bob Wilson, up here we have.. Arno Penzias.

 

Arno Penzias and Bob Wilson had simply set out to observe our galaxy, seeing the invisible light waves with this specialized telescope.

 

But before they could even get started, they ran into problems.

The telescope kept picking up an interference, a constant background signal that prevented them from taking any useful readings.

 

I have to imagine they spent most of their time in here, scratching their heads, trying to figure out why they are picking up the signal.

They thought everything was working perfectly, there shouldn't be any background signal, yet it was there.

 

They began looking for a source for the signal, but with no obvious cause.

Everything around them was suspected. All parts were replaced.

Even a pair of pigeons roosting in the horn were evicted, just in case their droppings were to blame.

 

Still, the signal persisted.

 

What will ??? we were to publish this result.

When we started out it was a nuisance, then it got to be a puzzle and finally an embrassment.

 

After a whole year, failing to locate a source for the signal, only one remarkable possibility remained.

 

We eliminated just about everything, and the only possibility was, that was coming from some place outside our galaxy.

That seemed like such a far-out idea. We just didn't know what to do with that result.

 

Eventually they shared their findings with other astronomers, and were made to realize that they had stumbled across something quite incredible.

 

The signal was the last remnant of light from the Big Bang.

This light waves have survived since those first moments.

The expansion of the universe had stretched them out until they have become invisible.

 

Nearly 14 billion years later, they have found their way into Penzias and Wilson's telescope.

 

They won the Nobel Prize for that.. well deserved, I mean that was a great discovery that opened up a whole field.

 

The ancient light that Penzias and Wilson discovered continues to yield clues to the nature of the early universe.

 

Professor David Spergel has examined it with the very latest generation of space telescopes, the WMAP satellite.

 

So what we're seeing is the old slide,

and it gives us kind of, since we're looking back in time, this fossil picture of what the universe was once like.

And we're really seeing the universe's baby picture, what it was like in its infancy.

 

By recoding the varying intensities of this light, WMAP reveals how the universe would unfold.

Within these differently colored ripples, could be seen the areas that would later become star forming regions, and eventually galaxies.

 

We can really use the obvservations that tell us a tremendous amount about the properties of universe,

.. its composition, its age, its geometry, and what happened in its first moments.

 

In all, WMAP can take us back to within just 400000 years of the Big Bang.

 

But one fact remains.

While we can now paint a picture of the universe as an infant, we still can't watch its birth.

Before this, the universe was so dense that light simply couldn't escape.

It is a part of the story that will always be invisible.

To see further back, we have to return to the other end of time and space.

 

It's a journey back through the first stars..

back through the spiral galaxies.. back through our solar system..

in all, through nearly 14 billion years of comological evolution..

.. to the planet Earth.

 

More precisely, to a network of tunnels that straddle the French-Swiss border.

 

The machine under construction here, the Large Hadron Collider or LHC, promises to show us the moment that nature has hidden from our view.

The moment just after the Big Bang.

 

What it does is it re-creates the conditions that were present less than in a billionth of a second after the Big Bang,

but in a controlled environment inside giant detectors.

You can repeat that over and over again and study an exquisite detail.

So in some ways it's almost better than going back into the start of the universe and watching, because you'll get only one chance to watch it.

 

So, just how do you go about building a 'Big Bang machine'?

 

First, burrow down 100 meters, drill through the rock, until you have a 27 kilometer circular tunnel.

 

Fill this with 2000 superconducting magnets, and you have a particle accelerator.

 

Around the tunnel, cast vast chambers, each the size of a cathedral.

 

Inside these, engineer the most complex cameras ever made to detect the particles.

 

So after nearly two decade's hard work and having sunk around 2/3 of the 6 billion dollar budget into the building alone,

You can at last contemplate the experiment.

 

So we're going to enter the underground experiment ???. we are about 100 meters underground.

Some of the technologies we're using did not exist about 16 years ago

.. when we started actually designing these detectors and thinking about doing experiments at the LHC.

 

Once the machine is running, subatomic particles called protons will be accelerated until they are close to the speed of light.

 

So there's a beam of protons which comes at about this level one way,

and there's a counter-rotating beam of protons coming the other way, and they collide head-on.

 

Every second, there will be 800 million collisions. Just a tiny fraction will be of interest.

As the protons fragment, a magnetic field generated by the detector, separates out the different types of matter.

Among these pieces may be found the indivisible units that make up our entire universe.

Some will exist for just one thousandth of billionth of billionth of a second.

And in these flitting images, we can glimpse the first moments following the Big Bang.

 

So what we're trying to do is to find out what nature was like at that instant.

 

The scale of the forces at work in this process are unprecedent.

The experiment that stick(???) into the unknown.

Some believe it is the only way we can grasp the reality of our universe.

 

We are actually at a point where only experiments can tell us what the way forward is.

 

Yet there remains a risk(???) that the LHC may be opening the door to more than we ever imagined.

 

One possibility is discovering the existence of other unseen worlds, alongside us.

 

We certainly seem to think we see three dimensions of space, up down left right forward backwards.

But there could be other dimensions that we just don't observe.

It might not even be that light travels in most dimensions, which might explain why we don't see them,

.. or they could be very tiny, which could explain why we don't see them,

But these other dimensions are dimensions outside the ones that we experience directly.

 

Should these extra dimensions be real, the LHC could unveil.

The proof of their existence would be stranger yet. Matter simply vanishing.. in effect, a black hole.

 

Could you make black holes?

It's possible that if we get high enough energies that we will be able to see evidence that there were high dimesional black holes.

 

These black holes could conceivably grow, dragging gravity and everything with it into an extra unseen dimension.

The chances of this happening are, according to the scientists, extremely small.

 

These black holes wouldn't be dangerous(???), they would decay(???) right away.

 

These black holes actually evaporate as soon as they are produced.

So it's almost impossible that these black holes can devour the experiment, or Geneva, or the Earth.

 

Instead of destroying the Earth, these scientists hope to answer the ultimate question.

By going back to the beginning of the universe, they hope to come up with nothing less than an explanation for everything.

 

The further back in time you look, so you go back to hotter and hotter conditions back towards the Big Bang, the simpler things appear to be.

 

To understand the universe today, it's just too complicated.

You can't look at a person or a planet or a star and work out what the fundamental building blocks are. It's too difficult.

But if you go back to those early times, all that's there is very simple structure, just a few particles and a few forces.

And then you can begin to try and understand how that simplicity evolved into the complexity that we see today.

 

This dream has been the pursuit of scientists for years.

Few have been more successful in this search than particle hunter Leon Lederman.

 

And few have been more rewarded.

 

This is a very important room. I have all my medals here.

That's the Enrico Fermi Award. This is 'that one'.

There is a president of the United States, that's Lyndon Johnson.

And that's another president.. I think his name was Clinton. National Medal of Science.

This is Alfred Nobel.. oops I guess I damaged this.

The Nobel medal.. that's rather nice(???), it's mostly gold.

All kinds of other medals here I got an important medal which is perfect that ??? in sixth grade.

 

Within the course of his own lifetime, Lederman has transformed our understanding of the universe.

 

It's not true that I watched the Big Bang.. people are lying.

But in the late 40s, early 50s, we didn't know anything about these particles.

We knew about atoms, but we had no idea of the complexity of matter.

 

Lederman's discoveries have taken us deeper into the nature of matter, peeling away the layers of the atom to reach ever smaller particles.

 

The moment of discovery is really a series of moments..

.. the experiment is working, we think it's okay, and then finally "hey, look at that! there's an event!"

 

Eventually get enough data, to say we're beginning to see a class of particles that must have a very important role in the evolution of universe.

 

Part of the secret to the Lederman's success is timing.

 

He came to physics just as scientists were testing the radical theories that had arisen in the first half of the 20th century.

 

The most astonishing was encapsulated in just five characters.

It was special relativity by Albert Einstein.

 

Its equation states that E, meaning energy and M, or mass are inextricably linked.

 

That basically says that energy and mass, two sides of the same coin, they are basically the same thing and interchangable.

 

In this idea, I'd say (???) truly the first,
mass is just a form of energy.

That was a very deep insight of Einstein, that's absolutely no question, and there was no precedent for that idea.

 

After Einstein, matter could be seen as just a highly concentrated form of energy, energy that could be unleashed.

 

But the really extraordinary thing about the equation was that it worked both ways.

 

Energy could also make matter.

 

This insight would open the door to a mysterious world that'd been beyond the reach of science.

The world that contained the secrets of the universe. The world of the subatomic.

 

By subjecting atoms to high energies, scientists could've revealed the types of matter that until then had been hidden from view.

The greater the energy, the deeper they could peer into this world, until they reach the final level of all.

The indivisible building blocks that make up everything we see in the universe - the fundamental particles.

In effect, they're winding the clock back toward the moment when energy first became matter.

 

The Big Bang.

 

.. up quark, down quark, electron, electron neutrino, W+, W-, ..

As they make the discoveries, scientists began to name these fundamental particles.

.. charm quark, strange quark, muon, muon neutrino, ..

With these building blocks, they came to a remarkable understanding of the world.

.. top quark, bottom quark, tau, tau neutrino, ..

Now they could explain what anything and everything is made of.

.. and the photon ..

This list of exotic names is simply called the 'standard model'.

.. That's the standard model. Oh no, the gluon. I forget the gluon ..

 

It appeared to be the perfect theory.

 

The standard model was a fabulous achievement. It describes the most basic elements of matter.

Even though we can't see those particles in our daily lives, we do know how they interact and we know they're there,

.. and that they are fundamentally what matter is made up of.

 

It's beautifully precise, and arguably the most precise mathematical theory ever constructed.

 

The standard model amounts to just 12 unfathomably small matter particles.

Lederman was among the first to set eyes on two of them.

To this day, he continues to work at the site of some of his greatest discoveries.

Fermilab, near Chicago.

 

Until the completion of the LHC at CERN, this collider, 6 kilometers in circumference, remains the world's most powerful.

 

Here they can take us closer to the Big Bang than anywhere else.

 

This looks very Hollywood. We never really forget the kind of appearance you had on Star Trek.

 

Despite his past successes, Lederman's search for the fundamental nature of reality is not yet over.

 

We have the outrageous ambition to understand the world, how it works. That's our objective.

We're confident that, what we're doing here is something that is going to be valuable for human existence on this planet.

 

The reason that search goes on is because not all is perfect without understanding of the universe.

The standard model may explain much, but it's not complete. Something fundamental is yet to be found.

 

There's something spooky about the standard model. It doesn't really work.

So we know that there is something 'sick' in our theory.

 

The thing that is missing is that thing that gives the fundamental particles substance,

.. that turns them into matter which we can touch. It's called mass.

 

There's a big hole in our knowledge appeared, and the hole is related to 'what mass is'.

Why does the stuff that makes up you and me.. why is it stuff, why is it solid?

 

Without mass, the fundamental particles would all travel at the speed of light.

The universe that we see simply wouldn't have formed.

 

Well of course there would be nothing, there would just be radiation.

The fact that matter can clump relies on the fact that there is mass.

The masses that we see are essential to the nature of matter as we know it.

 

In order to solve this puzzle, to connect the discoveries of the standard model with the world we see around us,

.. scientists had to come up with a new theory.

 

The best theory we have at the moment for the origin of mass, for what makes stuff stuff, is called the Higgs mechanism.

And the Higgs mechanism works by filling the universe with a thing.. it's almost like a treacle.

And by the universe, I don't just mean the void between the stars and the planets. I mean the room in front of you.

Some particles move through the Higgs field, and 'talk' to the Higgs field and slow down, and they are the heavy particles.

So all the particles that make up your body are heavy, because they're talking to the Higgs field.

Some other particles like particles of light, photons, don't talk to the Higgs at all and move through at the speed of light.

 

The Higgs field is the missing piece in the standard model.

It can explain how we can have a world of solid objects from particles that appear to have no mass.

 

The Higgs brings simplicity and beauty to nature which looks too complicated.

It introduces a kind of symmetry and a kind of beauty to nature,

.. which gives us an understanding of one of the most puzzling features of the standard model.

 

Lederman now believes that finding the Higgs is the key to his ultimate goal.

The complete theory of how the universe works.

 

If, in fact, we can get over the Higgs particle, it may be that we can go a long way towards the horizon of total understanding.

 

To prove the existence of the Higgs field, scientists have to find the particle linked with it.

Yet in the 40 years since it was first thought of, no one has. And none have tried harder than Lederman.

Now his hopes of ever seeing this particle lie elsewhere.

.. with the LHC.

 

This is like a huge new microscope that will bring us visibility to a different world.

It would be a tremendous discovery.

 

The LHC will generate seven times the energy of any previous collider.

 

By doing so, it will take us closer to the Big Bang than we have ever been before.

 

Will we find the Higgs particle at the LHC? That, of course, is the question.

And the answer is: "science is what we do, when we don't know what we're doing."

And one reason to look for this thing is to see whether we find it or not.

So I don't know whether we will find it or not.

 

This is the other possibility, that this elusive particle, one that scientists have been searching 40 years for, simply doesn't exist.

 

It can be argued that the most interesting discovery would be that we cannot find the Higgs, proving practically that it isn't there.

That would mean that we really haven't understood something. That's a very good scene for science.

Revolution sometimes come from the fact that you hit a wall and you realize that you truly haven't understood anything.

 

If the Higgs doesn't turn up, then the LHC has got so much energy that it has to uncover the origin of mass, one way or the other.

 

Whatever it is that gives substance to both ourselves and the world around us, the LHC promises to give us the answer.

And with that, we will be one step closer to understanding how our universe evolved after the first moment of time.

 

It may be there is no such things as 'Theory of Everything'.

But it may also be, that there is such a thing and we're very close to it at the moment.

It might be within our grasp and.. that's what I hope.

Yes, I hope that my generation is the generation that finds that theory.